Cluster of differentiation (CD)

CD molecule information (NIH)   

Common cell surface markers are the following:

  • CD3 which is a T cell receptor coreceptor.

  •  CD4 and CD8.

  • CD3 which is a signal transduction element of a T cell receptor

  • CD11a is a member of the β2 family.

  • CD11b is a member of α-chain integrin and form a complex with β2-integrin as Mac-1. CD11b is expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells and a subset of CD8+ T cells. It plays a central role in mediating migration of leukocytes from peripheral blood to sites of inflammation during the process of host defense. It contributes to firm leukocyte adhesion, not only to the endothelium via the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) but also to the underlying subendothelium and interstitial extracellular matrix by binding diverse kinds of ligands, such as fibronectin, collagens, and laminins.

The catechin, EGCG decreases flow cytometric CD11b expression on periopheral blood CD8+ T cells as a fesult of binding to CD11b.

  • CD11c is a member of the β2 integrin family. CD11c/CD18 functions as a cell surface receptor for numerous soluble factors, and proteins (LPS, fibrinogen), mediates leukocyte interactions with other cell types and is a signal transducting receptor. It is found primarily on myeloid cells, where its expression is regulated both during differentaiton and during monocyte maturation into tissue macrophages.

  • CD16 which is a receptor present on NK cells for the Fc region of IgG

  • CD35 (CR1) which is a complement receptor present on B cells

  • CD25 is considered a marker of activation.

  • CD28 which is a T cell receptor for co-stimulatory B7 molecule on an antigen presenting cell. CD28 is a disulfide-linked homodimer on the surface of T cells which binds to members of the B7 family on APCs and costimulates T cell activation. In humans, all thymocytes and the vast majority of cord blood CD8+ T cells express CD28. The proportion of CD8+ T cells that lack surface epxression of CD28 increases with age, so that in adulthood, 25-50% of CD8+ T cells are CD28-. In advancing HIV infection, more than 50% of CD8+ T cells are CD28-. CD25+ phenotype suggests central membory cells.
  • CD29 is a β1-integrin.
  • CD30 is a member of the TNF family.
  • CD40 was identified in the early 1980s as an antigen expressed on the surfave of B cells which enabled activated B cells to progress through the cell cycle and enhanced their survival. It is a 48kDa type I membrane protein member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Along with TNFα it is involved in the differentiation of DCs from CD34+ bone marrow or cord blood progenitors. CD40 is expressed on DCs. The natural ligand for CD40 is CD154 (C D40L). CD40L CD154 is a member of the TNF superfamily and is expressed on T cells. The interaction between CD40 and CD40L increases DC survival, upregulates MHC and costimulatory molecule expression, and induces the expression of a variety of cytokines (e.g., IL-12) in DCs.

CD40/CD40L-mediated contacts between B and T cells are required for the generation of T cell-dependent humoral immune responces. Activation of CD40 on B cells stimulates proliferation and mediates Ig class switching in conjunction with IL-4 and Il-13.

DC lacking cell surface CD40 have been shown to induce IL-10-secreting Tregs. CD40/CD40L interactions release immature DC from suppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells, further suggesting that CD40 ligation is necessary and sufficient to abrogate tolerance and inhibit the action of Tregs.

  • CD45RA is expressed on both naive and antigen-primed effector CD8 T cells.

  • CD45RBlow express the phenotype of antigen-experienced cells.

  • CD45RO is expressed predominantly on activated CD8 T cells. Thus CD45RO is usually associated with cells that have experienced antigen and are often referred to as memory cells.

  • CD58 is a co-stimulatory molecule which has recently been shown to stimulate the production of IL-10 by human T cells.
  • CD62L L-selectin expression is down-regulated upon activation.
  • CD69 is considered an early activation marker.
  • CD70: costimulates CD4+ T cells to produce IL-2 and IFNy and cross0linking of CD70 also upregulates the expression of CD154 on activated T cells.
  • CD80: Low levels of costimulatory molecule CD80 and CD86 epxression on APC leads to T cell anergy. This occurs becasue CTLA-4, which inhibits T cell responses, has higher affinity for CD80 and CD86 than CD28, which promotes T cell responses.
  • CD95 indicates a memory pehnotype.
  • CD122 (IL-2 receptor beta chain)
  • CD152 (CTLA)-4: is a high affinity counterreceptor of B7-1 and B7-2 that delivers a negative signal and inhibits T cell proliferation, IL-2 production and cell cycle progression.
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